Who is Muhammed ?

On Thursday, Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi was celebrated in all over the country.
Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi  mark the prophet Muhammed's
birth aniversary.
According to brelvi Sunni, this  day is for celebrating while for
Shiya theology this day is for mourning because prophet Muhammed was
born on twelfth day of Rabi-ul-awwal ( 3rd month of Islami calendar )
in 570 C.E. Saudi Arabia, Mecca and prophet Muhammed passed away on
same day.
According to theology of Islam and Sharia ( Islamic law ) celebration
of birth and death anniversary of prophet Muhammed is Haram (
prohibited ).

According to Darul-Uloom- Deoband ( south Asia's largest Islamic
seminary ) , On this day, Muslim should not procession out on the road ,
while believers should donate blood , help needy people , Embrace
poor and  feedy the hungry because love, affection and selflessness are
Islam tenets .
Believers gather to recite prayers for thanksgiving to Allah for his
favours and sending prophet Muhammed to the world, with his message to
guide the people.
William Moyer , the English historian wrote in his book, " The Life of Muhammed "
  " Muhammed ( peace and blessings be upon him  ) is
distinguished by the clarity of his words and the facility of his
religion."
Mahatma Gandhi, spiritual leader of India said :" I became more than
convinced that it was not the sword that won a place for Islam in
those days in the scheme of life. It was the rigid simplicity, the
utter self-effacement of the prophet, the scrupulous regard for his
pledges , his intence devotion to his friends and followers, his
absolute trust in God and in his own mission."
Michael H. Hart , the American scientist considered one of the most
influential person in history who was supremely successful in both the
religious and secular levels and became a political and military
leader.
Thomas Carlyle, the famous English philosopher ( 1881-1795 ), said :
" I like Muhammed for his hypocrisy-free nature ".
Edward Ramsey , the American orientalist said : " prophet Muhammed came to the world with the message of one Almighty God to lead the people out of darkness into the light."

Affan Nomani
( The writer is a Research Analyst and Columnist . He has been publishing in many leading newspaper such as The Hans India and DC for the last few years. we always believe that there is no need to be defensive in front of communal forces . He may be reached at   affannomani02@gmail.com )

Concept of Electrical Conductivity

Period of Teaching about network theory

The scanrious/secrets present in the Network theory:-

Scanrious 1:-  In the presence of active sources
 In the presence of source all the 3-passive lumped R, L, C will always absorb the energy
When ever they ( R, L, C ) are absorbing the energy, the current through them will always flows from positive to negative terminals ( i,e high level to low level ).

Scanrious 2 :-  In the absence of active sources 
* In the absence of sources, stored energy in the memory elements ( L & C ) will be delivered to the memoryless resistances . 
Whenever L and C elements are delivering the energy, currents through them will always from positive to negative terminals ( i,e from low level to high level ).As the Resistor is always absorbing the energy, the current through it will always from positive to negative terminal.

Active Element:- The Element which can boost any electrical energy.
 Another definition :- In an electrical network, if a circuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a single passing through it , then it is termed as an active element

Examples - voltage and current sources, semiconductor devices like transistor and OP-Amp etc.

Passive Element:- The Element which dissipate energy from the circuit.
Examples - Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor etc.

Basic difference between the Network and  Circuit .

Circuit :- The circuit is a closed loop path in which electric current and voltage sources flows through it.

Electric circuit

Network:- The Network is the interconnection of the circuit.

Electric Current:- The flow of charges in the circuit is called Electric current.
* Electric current is denoted by I and S.I unit is Ampere.
* It is expressed as  I = q/t.

Voltage:- The potential difference between two point charges is nothing but Voltage.
* The Voltage is denoted by V and S.I unit is 'V'.
 Resistor:-    Resistor are common elements of electrical network and electronic circuit and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment which reduce current flow  , and , at the same time time , act to lower voltage levels within circuits.

 Series Resistor:- In the series connection of the resistor , there is only one path for the flow of current in the circuit . 
* In series connection of the resistor , current will be same of the every resistor but voltage will be different of the every resistor .
* In series connection of the resistor volt meter is used .

Parallel resistor :-  In the parallel connection of the resistor , there are many  path for the flow of current in the circuit . 
* In parallel connection of a resistor , the voltage will be same in every resistor while current will be  different in every resistor .
* Series and parallel connection of the resistor as shown in figure :-

Figure :-  Series and Parallel connection of the resistors  

Ohm's Law
The Ohm's law is the mathematical relationship among electric current , voltage and resistor.
* The principle is named after German Scientist Georg Simon Ohm.
* the ohm's law is defined as the electric current is directly proportional to the voltage.
i,e  V directly proportional to I.
    V = IR
    I= V/R 
    R= V/R

LAB ACTIVITY OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

* Testing conductivity of liquids

. Electrical conductivity of liquids can be tested by a simple activity of taking a liquid, like lemon juice, in a container, inserting electrodes in it, connecting the two electrodes to the terminals of a battery with a bulb (LED) between them. The bulb glows, indicating that lemon juice is a conductor of electricity. Several liquids can be checked for electrical conductivity in the same way.

The process of decomposition of a chemical compound in a solution when an electric current passes through it is called electrolysis. This process is due to the chemical effect of electric current .


* Testing conductivity of metal

Figure : Testing conductivity of metal

Metaltest provides electrical conductivity testing for determining the electrical conductivity of nonmagnetic metals using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) method. This test is applicable to metals that have either a flat or slightly curved surface and includes metals with or without a thin nonconductive coating. Electrical conductivity testing can be used to determine: type of metal or alloy, type of heat treatment (for aluminum this evaluation should be used in conjunction with a hardness examination), aging of the alloy, and heat damage.

By : Engineer Affan Nomani

( The writer is a research Analyst at JNTU Hyderabad & Columnist . He has been publishing in many leading newspaper such The Hans India and DC  for the last few years . we always believe that there is no need to be defensive in front of communal forces. He may be reached at affannomani02@gmail.com )